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Argatroban References

  1. Lewis BE, Wallis DE, Berkowitz SD, et al. Argatroban anticoagulant therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Circulation. 2001;103:1838-1843.


  2. Argatroban Injection [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2005. Click here for complete Prescribing Information.


  3. Lewis BE, Wallis DE, Leya F, Hursting MJ, Kelton JG. Argatroban anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1849-1856.


  4. Lewis BE, Matthai, Jr. WH, Cohen M, Moses JW, Hursting MJ, Leya F. Argatroban anticoagulation during percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Cath and Cardiovasc Interventions. 2002;57:177-184.


  5. Walenga JM, Ahmad S, Hoppensteadt D, Iqbal O, Hursting MJ, Lewis BE. Argatroban therapy does not generate antibodies that alter its anticoagulant activity in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res. 2002;105(5):401-405.


  6. Swan SK, Hursting MJ. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of argatroban: effects of age, gender, and hepatic or renal dysfunction. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20(3):318-329.


  7. Chong BH, Chong JH. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2004;2:547-559.


  8. Saito H. Normal hemostatic mechanisms. In: Ratnoff OD, Forbes CD, eds. Disorders of Hemostasis. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1996:23-52.


  9. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126(suppl 3):311S-337S.


  10. Smythe MA, Warkentin TE, Stephens JL, Zakalik D, Mattson JC. Venous limb gangrene during overlapping therapy with warfarin and a direct thrombin inhibitor for immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol. 2002;71:50-52.


  11. Kelton JG. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an overview. Blood Rev. 2002;16:77-80.


  12. Hursting MJ, Lewis BE, Macfarlane DE. Transitioning from argatroban to warfarin therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2005;11(3):279-287.


  13. Swan SK, St. Peter JV, Lambrecht LJ, Hursting MJ. Comparison of anticoagulant effects and safety of argatroban and heparin in healthy subjects. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20(7):756-770.


  14. Kelton JG, Smith JW, Warkentin TE, Hayward CPM, Denomme GA, Horsewood P. Immunoglobulin G from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia binds to a complex of heparin and platelet factor 4. Blood. 1994;83(11):3232-3239.


  15. Hirsh J, Anand SS, Halperin JJ, Fuster V. Guide to anticoagulant therapy: heparin. a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001;103:2994-3018.


  16. Rutty CJ. Health Heritage Research Services. 2000. Available at: http://www.healthheritageresearch.com/Heparin-Conntact9608.html. Accessed December 16, 2005.


  17. Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: IgG-mediated platelet activation, platelet microparticle generation, and altered procoagulant/anticoagulant balance in the pathogenesis of thrombosis and venous limb gangrene complicating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Transfus Med Rev. 1996;10(4):249-258.


  18. Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med. 1996;101:502-507.


  19. Fahey VA. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Vasc Nurs. 1995;13(4):112-116.


  20. Hirsh J, Raschke R, Warkentin TE, Dalen JE, Deykin D, Poller L. Heparin: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest. 1995;108:258S-275S.


  21. Rice L. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: myths and misconceptions (that will cause trouble for you and your patient). Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1961-1964.


  22. Walenga JM, Jeske WP, Prechel M, Bakhos M. Newer insights on the mechanism of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2004;30(suppl 1):57-67.


  23. Warkentin TE, Hayward CPM, Boshkov LK, et al. Sera from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia generate platelet-derived microparticles with procoagulant activity: an explanation for the thrombotic complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 1994;84(11):3691-3699.


  24. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI, Horsewood P, Simpson PJ, Moore JC, Kelton JG. Impact of the patient population on the risk for heparininduced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2000;96(5):1703-1708.


  25. Hirsh J, Heddle N, Kelton JG. Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a critical review. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:361-369.


  26. Srinivasan AF, Rice L, Bartholomew JR, et al. Warfarin-induced skin necrosis and venous limb gangrene in the setting of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:66-70.


  27. Warkentin TE, Whitlock RP, Teoh KHT. Warfarin-associated multiple digital necrosis complicating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and Raynaud's phenomenon after aortic valve replacement for adenocarcinoma-associated thrombotic endocarditis. Am J Hematol. 2004;75(1):56-62.


  28. Messmore HL, Jeske WP, Wehrmacher WH, Walenga JM. Benefit-risk assessment of treatments for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Drug Safety. 2003;26(9):625-641.


  29. Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1330- 1335.


  30. Rice L, Attisha WK, Drexler A, Francis JL. Delayed-onset heparininduced thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(3):210-215.


  31. Tran JQ, DiCicco RA, Sheth SB, et al. Assessment of the potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between erythromycin and argatroban. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;39:513-519


  32. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Classification of thrombocytopenia. Available at: http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/tables/133tb1.jsp. Accessed December 16, 2005.


  33. Chong BH. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol. 1995;89:431-439.


  34. Kibbe MR, Rhee RY. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathophysiology. Semin Vasc Surg. 1996;9:284-291.


  35. Saljoughian M. Update: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Available at: http://www.uspharmacist.com/oldformat.asp?url=publish/content/8_1420.htm. Accessed December 19, 2005.


  36. Sheth SB, DiCicco RA, Hursting MJ, Montague T, Jorkasky DK. Interpreting the international normalized ratio (INR) in individuals receiving argatroban and warfarin. Thromb Haemost. 2001;85(3):435-440.


  37. Smith SC, Dove JT, Kern MJ, et al. ACC/AHA guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention (revision of the 1993 PTCA guidelines): A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (committee to revise the 1993 guidelines for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty). Endorsed by the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(8):2239i-2239lxvi.


  38. Warkentin TE. Platelet count monitoring and laboratory testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126:1415-1423.


  39. Fabris F, Ahmad S,Cella G,e t al. Pathophysiology of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: clinical and diagnostic implications - a review. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:1656-1666.


  40. Kelton JG. The clinical management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Semin Hematol. 1999;36(suppl1):17-21.


  41. PIFA® Heparin/PF4 Rapid Assay [package insert]. Thorofare, NJ: Akers Biosciences, Inc.; 2005.


  42. Akers Biosciences Web site at http://www.akersbiosciences.com. Accessed December 16, 2005.

  43. Ananthasubramaniam K, Shurafa M, Prasad A. Heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2000;422:47­260.

  44. Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis and management. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:535­555.

  45. Gruel Y, Lang M, Darnige L, Pacouret G, Dreyfus X, Leroy J, Charbonnier B. Fatal effect of heparin after previous heparin-associated re-exposure to thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Lancet. 1990;336:1077­1078.

  46. Lam F, Hussain S, Li P. Limb loss following the use of heparin: a lesson to be remembered. J Bone Joint Surg. 2001;83:588­589

  47. Baglin TP.Heparin induced thrombocytopenia thrombosis syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54:272­274

  48. Alving BM. How I treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Blood. 2003;101:31­37

  49. Mehta DP, Yoder EL, Appel J, Bergsman KL. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: reversal with streptokinase: a case report and review of literature. Am J Hematol. 1991;36:275­279.

  50. Murphy KD, McCrohan G, DeMarta DA, Shirodkar NB, Kwon OJ, Chopra PS. The heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome: treatment with intraarterial urokinase and systemic platelet aggregation inhibitors. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1996;19:123­127.

  51. Poullin P, Pietri PA, Lefevre P.Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis: successful treatment with plasma exchange. Br J Haematol. 1998;102:630­631.

  52. Brieger DB, Mak KH, Kottke-Marchant K, Topol EJ. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Am Col Cardiol. 1998;31:1449-1459.

  53. Deitcher SR. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis, management, and prevention. Formulary. 2001;36.

  54. Matthai WH, Siegel JE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. J Clin Outcomes Manage. 2000;7:48.

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