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Home  >  References

Argatroban References

  1. Lewis BE, Wallis DE, Berkowitz SD, et al. Argatroban anticoagulant therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Circulation. 2001;103:1838-1843.


  2. Argatroban Injection [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2005. Click here for complete Prescribing Information.


  3. Lewis BE, Wallis DE, Leya F, Hursting MJ, Kelton JG. Argatroban anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1849-1856.


  4. Lewis BE, Matthai, Jr. WH, Cohen M, Moses JW, Hursting MJ, Leya F. Argatroban anticoagulation during percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Cath and Cardiovasc Interventions. 2002;57:177-184.


  5. Walenga JM, Ahmad S, Hoppensteadt D, Iqbal O, Hursting MJ, Lewis BE. Argatroban therapy does not generate antibodies that alter its anticoagulant activity in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res. 2002;105(5):401-405.


  6. Swan SK, Hursting MJ. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of argatroban: effects of age, gender, and hepatic or renal dysfunction. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20(3):318-329.


  7. Chong BH, Chong JH. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2004;2:547-559.


  8. Saito H. Normal hemostatic mechanisms. In: Ratnoff OD, Forbes CD, eds. Disorders of Hemostasis. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1996:23-52.


  9. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: recognition, treatment, and prevention: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126(suppl 3):311S-337S.


  10. Smythe MA, Warkentin TE, Stephens JL, Zakalik D, Mattson JC. Venous limb gangrene during overlapping therapy with warfarin and a direct thrombin inhibitor for immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol. 2002;71:50-52.


  11. Kelton JG. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an overview. Blood Rev. 2002;16:77-80.


  12. Hursting MJ, Lewis BE, Macfarlane DE. Transitioning from argatroban to warfarin therapy in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2005;11(3):279-287.


  13. Swan SK, St. Peter JV, Lambrecht LJ, Hursting MJ. Comparison of anticoagulant effects and safety of argatroban and heparin in healthy subjects. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20(7):756-770.


  14. Kelton JG, Smith JW, Warkentin TE, Hayward CPM, Denomme GA, Horsewood P. Immunoglobulin G from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia binds to a complex of heparin and platelet factor 4. Blood. 1994;83(11):3232-3239.


  15. Hirsh J, Anand SS, Halperin JJ, Fuster V. Guide to anticoagulant therapy: heparin. a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001;103:2994-3018.


  16. Rutty CJ. Health Heritage Research Services. 2000. Available at: http://www.healthheritageresearch.com/Heparin-Conntact9608.html. Accessed December 16, 2005.


  17. Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: IgG-mediated platelet activation, platelet microparticle generation, and altered procoagulant/anticoagulant balance in the pathogenesis of thrombosis and venous limb gangrene complicating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Transfus Med Rev. 1996;10(4):249-258.


  18. Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med. 1996;101:502-507.


  19. Fahey VA. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Vasc Nurs. 1995;13(4):112-116.


  20. Hirsh J, Raschke R, Warkentin TE, Dalen JE, Deykin D, Poller L. Heparin: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest. 1995;108:258S-275S.


  21. Rice L. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: myths and misconceptions (that will cause trouble for you and your patient). Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1961-1964.


  22. Walenga JM, Jeske WP, Prechel M, Bakhos M. Newer insights on the mechanism of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2004;30(suppl 1):57-67.


  23. Warkentin TE, Hayward CPM, Boshkov LK, et al. Sera from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia generate platelet-derived microparticles with procoagulant activity: an explanation for the thrombotic complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 1994;84(11):3691-3699.


  24. Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI, Horsewood P, Simpson PJ, Moore JC, Kelton JG. Impact of the patient population on the risk for heparininduced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2000;96(5):1703-1708.


  25. Hirsh J, Heddle N, Kelton JG. Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a critical review. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:361-369.


  26. Srinivasan AF, Rice L, Bartholomew JR, et al. Warfarin-induced skin necrosis and venous limb gangrene in the setting of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:66-70.


  27. Warkentin TE, Whitlock RP, Teoh KHT. Warfarin-associated multiple digital necrosis complicating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and Raynaud's phenomenon after aortic valve replacement for adenocarcinoma-associated thrombotic endocarditis. Am J Hematol. 2004;75(1):56-62.


  28. Messmore HL, Jeske WP, Wehrmacher WH, Walenga JM. Benefit-risk assessment of treatments for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Drug Safety. 2003;26(9):625-641.


  29. Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1330- 1335.


  30. Rice L, Attisha WK, Drexler A, Francis JL. Delayed-onset heparininduced thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(3):210-215.


  31. Tran JQ, DiCicco RA, Sheth SB, et al. Assessment of the potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between erythromycin and argatroban. J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;39:513-519


  32. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Classification of thrombocytopenia. Available at: http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/tables/133tb1.jsp. Accessed December 16, 2005.


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  37. Smith SC, Dove JT, Kern MJ, et al. ACC/AHA guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention (revision of the 1993 PTCA guidelines): A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (committee to revise the 1993 guidelines for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty). Endorsed by the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(8):2239i-2239lxvi.


  38. Warkentin TE. Platelet count monitoring and laboratory testing for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126:1415-1423.


  39. Fabris F, Ahmad S,Cella G,e t al. Pathophysiology of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: clinical and diagnostic implications - a review. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:1656-1666.


  40. Kelton JG. The clinical management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Semin Hematol. 1999;36(suppl1):17-21.


  41. PIFA® Heparin/PF4 Rapid Assay [package insert]. Thorofare, NJ: Akers Biosciences, Inc.; 2005.


  42. Akers Biosciences Web site at http://www.akersbiosciences.com. Accessed December 16, 2005.

  43. Ananthasubramaniam K, Shurafa M, Prasad A. Heparin induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2000;422:47­260.

  44. Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis and management. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:535­555.

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  46. Lam F, Hussain S, Li P. Limb loss following the use of heparin: a lesson to be remembered. J Bone Joint Surg. 2001;83:588­589

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  48. Alving BM. How I treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Blood. 2003;101:31­37

  49. Mehta DP, Yoder EL, Appel J, Bergsman KL. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: reversal with streptokinase: a case report and review of literature. Am J Hematol. 1991;36:275­279.

  50. Murphy KD, McCrohan G, DeMarta DA, Shirodkar NB, Kwon OJ, Chopra PS. The heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome: treatment with intraarterial urokinase and systemic platelet aggregation inhibitors. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1996;19:123­127.

  51. Poullin P, Pietri PA, Lefevre P.Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis: successful treatment with plasma exchange. Br J Haematol. 1998;102:630­631.

  52. Brieger DB, Mak KH, Kottke-Marchant K, Topol EJ. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Am Col Cardiol. 1998;31:1449-1459.

  53. Deitcher SR. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis, management, and prevention. Formulary. 2001;36.

  54. Matthai WH, Siegel JE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. J Clin Outcomes Manage. 2000;7:48.

Indications
Argatroban is indicated as an anticoagulant for prophylaxis or treatment of thrombosis in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Argatroban is indicated as an anticoagulant in patients with or at risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Important Safety Information

As with all anticoagulants, bleeding is a serious concern. Argatroban is contraindicated in patients with overt major bleeding or those with hypersensitivity to the product or any of its components. Argatroban should be used with extreme caution in disease states or other circumstances in which there is an increased risk of hemorrhage. Overall major bleeding was reported in 5.3% of patients with HIT treated with Argatroban versus 6.7% of the historical controls. Overall major bleeding was reported in 1.8% of patients undergoing PCI treated with Argatroban versus 3.1% of the historical controls. Intracranial bleeding was not observed in the 568 patients treated with Argatroban for HIT (with or without thrombosis) or in the 91 patients who underwent PCI. The most common nonhemorrhagic side effects in HIT patients, regardless of the relationship to treatment, were dyspnea, hypotension, and fever. In patients undergoing PCI, the nonhemorrhagic side effects, regardless of the relationship to treatment, included chest pain, hypotension, and back pain. Please see full Prescribing Information for additional safety information on Argatroban.

Prescribing Information for Argatroban

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